nips/44.md

NIP-44
======

Encrypted Payloads (Versioned)
------------------------------

`optional` `author:paulmillr` `author:staab`

The NIP introduces a versioned encryption data model, allowing multiple algorithm choices to exist simultaneously.

The algorithm described in NIP-04 is potentially vulnerable to [padding oracle attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_oracle_attack) and uses keys which are not indistinguishable from random. For more information, see [here](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/pull/715#issuecomment-1675301250-).

An encrypted payload MUST be encoded as a JSON object. Different versions may have different parameters. Every format has a `v` field specifying its version.

Currently defined encryption algorithms:

- `0x00` - Reserved
- `0x01` - XChaCha with same key `sha256(ecdh)` per conversation

# Version 1

Params:

1. `nonce`: base64-encoded xchacha nonce
2. `ciphertext`: base64-encoded xchacha ciphertext, created from (key, nonce) against `plaintext`.

Example:

```
{
  "ciphertext": "FvQi1H4atMwU+FzUR/0CJ7kowjs+",
  "nonce": "3dBKd83Pg2Q4Tu2A2e8N++c+ZW2IBc2f",
  "v": 1
}
```

# Other Notes

By default in the [libsecp256k1](https://github.com/bitcoin-core/secp256k1) ECDH implementation, the secret is the SHA256 hash of the shared point (both X and Y coordinates). We are using this exact implementation. In NIP-94, unhashed shared point was used.

# Code Samples

## Javascript

```javascript
import {xchacha20} from "@noble/ciphers/chacha"
import {secp256k1} from "@noble/curves/secp256k1"
import {sha256} from "@noble/hashes/sha256"
import {randomBytes} from "@noble/hashes/utils"
import {base64} from "@scure/base"

export const utf8Decoder = new TextDecoder()

export const utf8Encoder = new TextEncoder()

export const getSharedSecret = (privkey: string, pubkey: string): Uint8Array =>
  sha256(secp256k1.getSharedSecret(privkey, "02" + pubkey).subarray(1, 33))

export function encrypt(privkey: string, pubkey: string, text: string, v = 1) {
  if (v !== 1) {
    throw new Error("NIP44: unknown encryption version")
  }

  const key = getSharedSecret(privkey, pubkey)
  const nonce = randomBytes(24)
  const plaintext = utf8Encoder.encode(text)
  const ciphertext = xchacha20(key, nonce, plaintext)

  return JSON.stringify({
    ciphertext: base64.encode(ciphertext),
    nonce: base64.encode(nonce),
    v,
  })
}

export function decrypt(privkey: string, pubkey: string, payload: string) {
  let data
  try {
    data = JSON.parse(payload) as {
      ciphertext: string
      nonce: string
      v: number
    }
  } catch (e) {
    throw new Error("NIP44: failed to parse payload")
  }

  if (data.v !== 1) {
    throw new Error("NIP44: unknown encryption version")
  }

  const key = getSharedSecret(privkey, pubkey)
  const nonce = base64.decode(data.nonce)
  const ciphertext = base64.decode(data.ciphertext)
  const plaintext = xchacha20(key, nonce, ciphertext)

  return utf8Decoder.decode(plaintext)
}
```

## Kotlin

```kotlin
// implementation 'fr.acinq.secp256k1:secp256k1-kmp-jni-android:0.10.1'
// implementation "com.goterl:lazysodium-android:5.1.0@aar"
// implementation "net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.12.1@aar"

fun getSharedSecretNIP44(privKey: ByteArray, pubKey: ByteArray): ByteArray =
  MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256").digest(
    Secp256k1.get().pubKeyTweakMul(
      Hex.decode("02") + pubKey,
      privKey
    ).copyOfRange(1, 33)
  )

fun encryptNIP44(msg: String, privKey: ByteArray, pubKey: ByteArray): EncryptedInfo {
  val nonce = ByteArray(24).apply {
    SecureRandom.getInstanceStrong().nextBytes(this)
  }

  val cipher = streamXChaCha20Xor(
    message = msg.toByteArray(),
    nonce = nonce,
    key = getSharedSecretNIP44(privKey, pubKey)
  )

  return EncryptedInfo(
    ciphertext = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(cipher),
    nonce = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(nonce),
    v = Nip24Version.XChaCha20.code
  )
}

fun decryptNIP44(encInfo: EncryptedInfo, privKey: ByteArray, pubKey: ByteArray): String? {
  require(encInfo.v == Nip24Version.XChaCha20.code) { "NIP44: unknown encryption version" }

  return streamXChaCha20Xor(
    message = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encInfo.ciphertext),
    nonce = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encInfo.nonce),
    key = getSharedSecretNIP44(privKey, pubKey)
  )?.decodeToString()
}

// This method is not exposed in AndroidSodium yet, but it will be in the next version.
fun streamXChaCha20Xor(message: ByteArray, nonce: ByteArray, key: ByteArray): ByteArray? {
  return with (SodiumAndroid()) {
    val resultCipher = ByteArray(message.size)

    val isSuccessful = crypto_stream_chacha20_xor_ic(
      resultCipher,
      message,
      message.size.toLong(),
      nonce.drop(16).toByteArray(), // chacha nonce is just the last 8 bytes.
      0,
      ByteArray(32).apply {
      crypto_core_hchacha20(this, nonce, key, null)
      }
    ) == 0

    if (isSuccessful) resultCipher else null
  }
}

data class EncryptedInfo(val ciphertext: String, val nonce: String, val v: Int)

enum class Nip24Version(val code: Int) {
  Reserved(0),
  XChaCha20(1)
}